EFL TEACHERS’ SELF-EFFICACY IN USING AI TOOLS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN INDONESIA

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.335502

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, Educational Technology, EFL Teachers, Mixed-Methods Research, Self-Efficacy

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction presents new opportunities and challenges. While research often focuses on student outcomes, teacher self-efficacy with these tools, particularly across different educational levels, remains underexplored. Addressing this gap, this study investigated the perceived AI self-efficacy of Indonesian EFL teachers at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Initially, a quantitative survey (N = 150) using the AI Tool Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (AIT-SES) was administered. Analysis revealed a distinct hierarchy, with tertiary-level teachers reporting the highest self-efficacy, followed by secondary and then primary teachers. Subsequent semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected sub-sample explored the reasons behind these differences, which are linked to factors like professional autonomy and divergent role demands. Qualitative findings suggest that teachers perceive self-efficacy as both a catalyst for pedagogical innovation and a tool for administrative efficiency. A mature form of efficacy also emerged, striking a balance between confidence and a critical awareness of AI’s risks. Key influencing factors identified were direct mastery experiences, the quality of professional development, and Indonesia's national "Merdeka Belajar" policy, which serves as a significant top-down driver for technology adoption. The study concludes that fostering teacher AI self-efficacy requires more than just providing technology; it demands differentiated, practical training and professional environments that support teacher autonomy and innovation.

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Author Biographies

Tommy Hastomo, Universitas Negeri Malang

Doctoral Student, Department of English,

Universitas Negeri Malang

Faculty Member of the English Department,

STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung

Utami Widiati, Universitas Negeri Malang

Doctor of Philosophy, Full Professor,

Department of English,

Francisca Maria Ivone, Universitas Negeri Malang

Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor,

Department of English

Evynurul Laily Zen, Universitas Negeri Malang

Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor,

Department of English,

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Published

2025-12-31

How to Cite

Hastomo, T., Widiati, U. ., Ivone, . F. M. ., & Zen, E. L. (2025). EFL TEACHERS’ SELF-EFFICACY IN USING AI TOOLS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN INDONESIA . Advanced Education, 19(27), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.335502

Issue

2025: Issue 27

Section

ARTICLES

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Copyright (c) 2025 Tommy Hastomo, Utami Widiati, Francisca Maria Ivone, Evynurul Laily Zen. The image is taken from a royalty-free source https://www.pexels.com

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