INFORMAL ENGLISH LEARNING WITH ONLINE DIGITAL TOOLS: NON-LINGUIST STUDENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.223896Keywords:
informal foreign language learning, EFL, ESP, digital technology, online learningAbstract
The internet has offered numerous opportunities for educational content delivery. The main current delivery models for learning a language online range from more formal structured approaches provided by schools and universities, which typically take place in a VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) or LMS (Learning Management System), to more informal unstructured approaches, including Virtual Worlds like Second Life and MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games) like World of Warcraft.
The purpose of this study is to analyse the experiences and perceptions of the online digital tools that provide engagement with the English language outside the classroom by the non-linguist students at a Ukrainian public university. The study is based on the quantitative and qualitative data collected employing an online questionnaire including Likert-type ratings, multiple-choice questions, and free-text responses to open questions. The questionnaire inquires about students’ experiences with 17 technologies not related to their classroom activities, how frequently they are used, how helpful the students find them for their language acquisition in general, and how useful they are considered for the development of particular language competencies (writing, reading, speaking, listening, pronunciation, grammar, communicative competence). The results of the survey attest to regular students’ engagement with the English language involving online technologies, which leads to implications for foreign language learners, teachers, and researchers of second language acquisition for incorporating online digital tools for foreign language acquisition beyond the classroom. Being aware of how students engage with technology outside the classroom may facilitate educators in increasing learners’ engagement with the foreign language, provide additional practice, and produce an emotional response, which increases retention of information.
Downloads
References
- Akkara, S., Anumula V. S. S., & Mallampalli, M. S. (2020). Impact of WhatsApp Interaction on Improving L2 Speaking Skills. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(03), 250-259. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i03.11534
- Baird, D. E., & Fisher, M. (2005). Neomillennial User experience design strategies: Utilizing social networking media to support “always on” learning styles. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 34(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.2190/6WMW-47L0-M81Q-12G1
- Benson P. (2011). Language Learning and Teaching Beyond the Classroom: An Introduction to the Field. In: Benson P., Reinders H. (Eds), Beyond the Language Classroom (pp. 7-16). London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230306790_2
- Benson, P., & Reinders, H. (Eds). (2011). Beyond the language classroom. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Burston, J. (2014). MALL: the pedagogical challenges. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 27, 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2014.914539
| - Burston, J. (2015). Twenty years of MALL project implementation: a meta-analysis of learning outcomes. ReCALL, 27, 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344014000159
| - Che, CWIRB, Ibrahim, W. (2018). Social media tools for informal language learning: A Comprehensive Theoretical Framework. Asian Social Science, 14 (4), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n4p46
- Conlon, T.J. (2004) A review of informal learning literature, theory, and implications for practice in developing global professional competence. Journal of European Industrial Training, 28, 283-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090590410527663
| - Conole, G. (2008). Listening to the learner voice: the ever-changing landscape of technology use for language students. ReCALL, 20(2), 124-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344008000220
| - Dizon, G. (2021). Subscription video streaming for informal foreign language learning: Japanese EFL students’ practices and perceptions. TESOL Journal, e 566. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.566
| - Eraut, M. (2000). Non-formal learning and tacit knowledge in professional work. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70(1), 113-136. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709900158001
| - Godwin-Jones, R. (2018). Chasing the butterfly effect: Informal language learning online as a complex system. Language Learning & Technology, 22(2), 8–27. https://doi.org/10125/44643
| - Godwin-Jones, R. (2019). Riding the digital wilds: Learner autonomy and informal language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 23(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10125/44667
| - Gonulal, T. (2019). The use of instagram as a mobile-assisted language learning tool. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(3), 309-323. https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.590108
| - Hall, R. (2009). Towards a fusion of formal and informal learning environments: the impact of the read/write web. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 7(1), 29-40. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ867100.pdf
- Hockly, N. (2015). Developments in online language learning, ELT Journal, 69(3), 308-313, https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccv020
- Holec, H. (1981). Autonomy and foreign language learning. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
- Huzairin,H., Putrawan, G., E., & Riadi, B. (2020). Technology and language learning: English as a Foreign Language learners’ use of smartphones for online informal learning in Indonesia. Texto Livre Linguagem e Tecnologia, 13(3), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.35699/1983-3652.2020.24657
- Ismail, I. S., & Shafie, N. H. bt. (2019). English informal language learning through social networking sites among Malasian university students. Asian Journal of University Education, 15(3), 211-225. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1238630
| - Jensen, S. H. (2017). Gaming as an English language learning resource among young children in Denmark. CALICO Journal, 34, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1558/cj.29519
| - Jurkovič, V. (2018). Online informal learning of English through smartphones in Slovenia. System, 80, 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.10.007
- Kabinet Ministriv Ukrainy. (2019, December 24). Prezentatsiia pershoho v Ukraini doslidzhennia z tsyfrovoi hramotnosti naselennia [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3ghLyjzqLM&feature=youtu.be
- Lai, C., Zhu, W., & Gong, G. (2015). Understanding the quality of out-of-class English learning. TESOL Quarterly, 49(2), 278–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.171
| - Lee, J. S. (2020). The role of informal digital learning of English and a high-stakes English test on perceptions of English as an international language. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 36(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5319
| - Lee, J. S., & Drajati, N. A. (2019). Affective variables and informal digital learning of English: Keys to willingness to communicate in a second language. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(5), 168-182. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5177
| - Lee, J. S., & Dressman, M. (2017). When IDLE hands make an English workshop: Informal digital learning of English and language proficiency. TESOL Quarterly, 52(2), 435-445. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.422
- Li, T., Zou, D., Weng, X., Wang, M., Xie, H., & Wang, F. L. (2020) Acceptance and implications of smartphones for informal language learning in foreign study tours. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 14 (4), 456-477. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2020.110783
- Messmann, G., Segers, & M., Dochy, F. (Eds.). (2018). Informal Learning at Work: Triggers, Antecedents, and Consequences. Routledge
- Mitra, S., Tooley, J., Inamdar, P., & Dixon, P. (2003). Improving English pronunciation: an automated instructional approach. Information Technologies and International Development, 1(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1162/154475203771799720
- Oblinger D.G., Oblinger J.L. (2005). Educating the net generation. Washington, DC: Educause.
- Peng, H., Jager, S., & Lowie, W. (2021) A person-centred approach to L2 learners’ informal mobile language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1868532
- Peters, M., Weinberg, & A., Sarma, N. (2009). To Like or Not to Like! Student Perceptions of Technological Activities for Learning French as a Second Language at Five Canadian Universities. Canadian Modern Language Review, 65(5), 869-896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.65.5.869
| - Pooley, A. W., Midgley, W., & Farley, H. (2019). Informal language learning through mobile instant messaging among university students in Korea. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 11(2), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMBL.2019040103
| - Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816
- Purnamasari, A. (2019). Pre-Service EFL teachers’ perception of using Facebook group for learning. Journal of English Teaching, 5(2), 104-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/jet.v5i2.1064
- Putrawan, G., E., & Riadi, B. (2020). English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' predominant language use for online informal learning activities through smartphones in Indonesian context. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 695 - 699. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080243.
- Rogers, A. (2008). Informal learning and literacy. In B. Street and N. H. Hornberger (Eds), Encyclopedia of Language and Education (2nd ed., vol. 2, pp. 1-12). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_41
- Şad, S. N., Özer, N., Yakar, Ü., & Öztürk, F. (2020) Mobile or hostile? Using smartphones in learning English as a foreign language, Computer Assisted Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1770292
| - Schmidt, R. (1994). Deconstructing consciousness in search of useful definitions for applied linguistics. AILA Review, 11, 11-26.
- Scholz, K. W., & Schulze, M. (2017). Digital-gaming trajectories and second language development. Language Learning & Technology, 21(1), 99–119. https://dx.doi.org/10125/44597
| - Sockett, G. (2013). Understanding the online informal learning of English as a complex dynamic system: An emic approach. ReCALL, 25(1), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095834401200033X
| - Soltovets, E., Chigisheva, O., & Dubover, D. (2019) Curso electrónico de idioma extranjero como medio de formación informal del desarrollo de alfabetización digital. Revista Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores, VI(3:50), 1-15. https://www.dilemascontemporaneoseducacionpoliticayvalores.com/index.php/dilemas
- State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2019). Communication subscribers as of January 1, 2019. Retrieved from http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2019/zv/az/az_e/az0119_e.htm
- Steel, C., & Levy, M. (2013). Language students and their technologies: charting the evolution 2006– 2011. ReCALL, 25(3), 306-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344013000128
| - Stevens, A. (ed.). (2010, February 17). Study on the Impact of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and New Media on Language Learning: Final Report. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/report-impact-information-and-communication-technology-ict-and-new-media-language-learning
- Sundqvist, P., & Sylven, L. K. (2014). Language-related computer use: focus on young L2 English learners in Sweden. ReCALL, 26(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344013000232
| - Sundqvist, P., & Wikstrom, P. (2015). Out-of-school digital gameplay and in-school L2 English vocabulary and outcomes. System, 51, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2015.04.001
- Sung, Y.-T., Chang, K.-E., & Yang, J.-M. (2015). How effective are mobile devices for language learning? A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 16, 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2015.09.001
- Tissot, P. (2004). Terminology of vocational training policy: A multilingual glossary of key terms. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
- Toffoli, D., & G. Sockett. (2015). University teachers’ perceptions of Online Informal Learning of English (OILE). Computer-Assisted Language Learning, 28(1), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2013.776970
| - Trinder, R. (2017). Informal and deliberate learning with new technologies. ELT Journal, 71(4), 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccw117
| - Vazquez-Calvo, B. (2020). Guerrilla fan translation, language learning, and metalinguistic discussion in a Catalan-speaking community of gamers. ReCALL, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095834402000021X
- Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1992). Towards a theory of informal and incidental learning in organizations. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 11(4), 287-300. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/0260137920110403
|
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Oksana Yurieva, Tetiana Musiichuk, Dina Baisan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).