METHODOLOGICAL ALGORITHM FOR DIACHRONIC INTERPRETATION OF NOSTRATIC *mar-a “tree” (based on the data taken from Bomhard’s “A Comprehensive Introduction to Nostratic Comparative Linguistics: With Special Reference to Indo-European”)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.143784

Keywords:

methodological algorithm, diachronic interpretation, Nostratic etymon, Nostratic proto-language, Nostratic macrofamily

Abstract

The article discusses the methodological algorithm for diachronic interpretation of the Nostratic etymon *mar-a “tree” represented in the A. R. Bomhard’s “A Comprehensive Introduction to Nostratic Comparative Linguistics: With Special Reference to Indo-European. The paper elaborates the definition of the Nostratic etymon as a hypothetical language-ancestor, established based on the comparison of the degree of affinity with the available reconstructed etymons at the level of every Nostratic language family (Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, Dravidian, Indo-European, Kartvelian, and Uralic). The author comes to the conclusion that Bomhard used the three research stages to identify the Nostratic etymon. At the first stage (the level of the language family) the comparative-historical method is used with the procedures of internal (etymon(s) / proto-form(s) at the level of the language group) and external (comparison of etymons / proto-forms reconstructed for certain language groups in order to reconstruct etymon / proto-form at the level of the language family) reconstruction; the step-by-step reconstruction method. At the second stage (the level of macrofamily) the mass comparison method is used. It helps to involve the already reconstructed etymons at the level of every Nostratic language family into comparison. At the third stage, a specially developed method of diachronic interpretation is used. An attempt tries to prove that the diachronic interpretation of the Nostratic *mar-a “tree” is confirmed by the analysis of language data. The paper considers two methodological procedures: 1) the comparison of a sufficient number of common morphs (or allomorphs) in comparable languages, i.e. the establishment of similar rules for combining regular phonetic correspondences; 2) the semantic similarity of common morphs (or allomorphs) in comparable languages.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Yan Kapranov, Kyiv National Linguistic University

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, 

Department of English Philology and Translation

References

  1. Abayev, V. I. (1933). O foneticheskom zakone [On the Phonetic Law]. Yazyk i myshleniye, 1, 1-14. Retrieved November 11, 2018 from http://crecleco.seriot.ch/textes/Abaev33.html
  2. Babayev, K. V. (2013). Nigero-Kongolezskiy prayazyk. Lichnyye mestoimeniya [Niger-Congolese proto-language. Personal pronouns]. Moscow, Russia: YaSK.
  3. Barlea, P. G. (2013). Lexical Relations between the Indo-European Language and Uralic and Altaic Language Families. The Nostratic Hypothesis: Linguistic Comparisons and Statistic Reliability. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique-Romanian Review of Linguistics, 58 (1), 75-77.
  4. Bomhard, A. R. (1989). Ocherk sravnitelnoy fonologii tak nazyvayemykh “nostraticheskikh” yazykov. Voprosy yazykoznaniya, 3, 33–50.
  5. Bomhard, A. R. (1995). Indo-European and the Nostratic Hypothesis: History of Research, Current Trends, and Future Prospects. Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
  6. Bomhard, A. R. (2011). Nostratic Roots in Romanian Language / Radacini Nostratice in Limba Romana. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 39 (3-4), 507-508.
  7. Bomhard, A. R. (2018). A Comprehensive Introduction to Nostratic Comparative Linguistics: with special reference to Indo-European: in 4 vol. 3rd ed. Charleston, SC.
  8. Bomhard, A. R., Kerns, J. C. (1994). The Nostratic Macrofamily: A Study in Distant Linguistic Relationship. Berlin, N.Y., Amsterdam: Moutonde Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.2307/416301
  9. Burlak, S. A., Starostin, S. A. (2005). Cravnitelno-istoricheskoye yazykoznaniye: ucheb. dlya stud. vyssh. ucheb. zavedeniy [Comparative-historical linguistics: Textbook. for stud. supreme. training. institution]. Moscow, Russia: Izdatelskiy tsentr “Akademiya”.
  10. Campbell, L., Mauricio J. M. (2007). A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  11. Doerfer, G. (1973). Lautgesetz und Zufall: Betrachtungen zum Omnikomparativismus [Sound Law and Chance: Reflections on Omnipresentism]. Innsbruck: Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Universitat.
  12. Dolgopolsky, A. (1998). The Nostratic Macrofamily & Linguistic Paleontology. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
  13. Dolgopolsky, A. (2012). Nostratic Dictionary. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
  14. Dronova, L. P. (2009). Sinkhroniya i diakhroniya: otlozhennaya vstrecha? [Synchrony and diachrony: a delayed meeting?]. Vestn. Tom. gos. un-ta. Filologiya, 3(7), 116-123.
  15. Dybo, V. A., Peyros, I. I. (1985). Problemy izucheniya otdalennogo rodstva yazykov [Problems of studying the remote relationship of languages]. Vestnik AN SSSR, 2, 55–66.
  16. Erman, A., Grapow, H. (1921). Ägyptisches Handwörterbuch [Egyptian Pocket Dictionary]. Hildesheim: Georg Olms.
  17. Erman, A., Grapow, H. (1926–1963) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [Dictionary of the Egyptian Language]. 7 vols. in 13 parts. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  18. Faulkner, R. O. (1962). A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  19. Fortson, B. W. (2009). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Hoboken.
  20. Gardiner, A. (1957). Egyptian Grammar. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  21. Ginsburgh, V. & Weber, S. (2011). Linguistic, genetic, and cultural distances: how far is Nostratic? In V. Ginsburgh & S. Weber (Eds.), How many languages do we need: the economics of linguistic diversity (pp. 29-55). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/princeton/9780691136899.003.0004
  22. Global lexicostatistical database “Tower of Babel” (2006–2013) (S.А. Starostin, G.S. Starostin, Eds.). Retrieved November 11, 2018 from: http://starling.rinet.ru/
  23. Greenberg, J. (1963). Kvantitativnyy podkhod k morfologicheskoy tipologii yazykov [A Quantitative Approach to the Morphological Typology of Languages]. Novoye v lingvistike, 3, 60-94.
  24. Greenberg, J. H. (1957). Essays in linguistics. Chicago, IL, US: University of Chicago Press.
  25. Hannig, R. (1995). Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch [Comprehensive Egyptian-German Pocket Dictionary]. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
  26. Illich-Svitych, V. M. (1971). Opyt sravneniya nostraticheskikh yazykov (semito-khamitskiy, kartvel'skiy, indoyevropeyskiy, ural'skiy, dravidiyskiy, altayskiy) [Experience on comparing Nostratic languages (Semito-Hamitic, Kartvelian, Indo-European, Uralic, Dravidian, Altaic)]. Moscow: Izd-vo “Nauka”.
  27. Klimov, G. A. (1988). Rekonstruktsiya i diakhronicheskaya interpretatsiya v komparativistike [Reconstruction and diachronic interpretation in comparativistics]. Voprosy yazykoznaniya, 3, 9-16.
  28. Kodukhov, V. I. (1963). Metody lingvisticheskogo analiza. Lektsii po kursu “Vvedeniye v yazykoznaniye” [Methods of linguistic analysis. Lectures on the course “Introduction to Linguistics”]. Leningrad: Izd-vo Mosk-go univers-ta.
  29. Korolyova, A. V. (2018). Reconstruction of Early Migration Routes of Homo Populations. Logos, 94, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.24101/logos.2018.16
    |
  30. Massovogo sravneniya metod [Mass comparison method]. Bol'shaya rossiyskaya entsiklopediya. Retrieved November 11, 2018 from https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/2191120
  31. Michalove, P. A. (1997). Altaic Evidence for Clusters in Nostratic. Indo-European, Nostratic, and Beyond: Festschrift for Vitalij V. Shevoroshkin. Journal of Indo-European Studies monographs, 22, 243-256.
  32. Mottausch, K. H. (2008). The Indogermanic Laryngale in the light of the Nostratic theory. Indogermanische Forschungen, 113, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1515/IDGF.2008.001.
    |
  33. Pedersen, H. (1903). Türkische Lautgesetze [Turkish phonetic laws]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 57, 535-561.
  34. Puhvel, J. (1992). Philology and Etymology, with Focus on Anatolian. In E. C Polome & W. Winter (Eds.), Reconstructing Languages and Cultures (pp. 261-270). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  35. Szemerenyi, O. (1990). Eiqfilhrung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft [Introduction to comparative linguistics]. 4th ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  36. Serebrennikov, B. A. (1982). Problema dostatochnosti osnovaniya v gipotezakh, kasayushchikhsya geneticheskogo rodstva yazykov [The problem of the adequacy of the basis in hypotheses concerning the genetic relationship of languages]. In Teoreticheskiye osnovy klassifikatsii yazykov mira. Problemy rodstva (pp.6-62). Moscow: Nauka.
  37. Shcherba, L. V. (1958). Izbrannyye raboty po yazykoznaniyu i fonetike [Selected works on linguistics and phonetics]. Leningrad, USSR: Izd-vo Leningr. Un-ta.
  38. Starostin, G., Zhivlov, M., Kassian, A. (2016). The “Nostratic” roots of Indo-European: from Illich-Svitych to Dolgopolsky to future horizons. Slovo a slovesnost, 77 (4), 392-415.
    | |
  39. Starostin, S. A. (2007). Sravnitelno-istoricheskoye yazykoznaniye i leksikostatistika [Comparative-historical linguistics and lexicostatistics]. In S. A. Starostin (Ed.), Trudy po yazykoznaniyu (pp. 407-447). Moscow, Russia: Yazyki slavyanskikh kultur.
  40. Vajda, E. J. (2002). The Nostratic macrofamily and linguistic palaeontology. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 30(3-4), 476-477. https://doi.org/10.2307/417101
  41. Vine, B. (1998). Indo-European and Nostratic: Some Further Comments. In J. Salmons & B. Joseph (Eds.), Nostratic: Shifting the Evidence (pp. 85-106). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
  42. Yakhontov, S. Ye. (1991). Prarodina nostraticheskikh yazykov [The motherland of the Nostratic languages]. In R. V. Bulatova, G. I. Zamyatina, S. L. Nikolayev, Slavistika. Indoyevropeistika. Nostratika: k 60-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya V. A. Dybo (pp. 13-17). Moscow, Russia: Izd-vo Instituta slavyanovedeniya i balkanistiki AN SSSR.

Downloads

Published

2018-12-26

How to Cite

Kapranov, Y. (2018). METHODOLOGICAL ALGORITHM FOR DIACHRONIC INTERPRETATION OF NOSTRATIC *mar-a “tree” (based on the data taken from Bomhard’s “A Comprehensive Introduction to Nostratic Comparative Linguistics: With Special Reference to Indo-European”). Advanced Education, 5(10), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.143784

Issue

2018: Issue 10

Section

Linguistics

License

Copyright (c) 2018 Yan Kapranov

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

    1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

  1. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).