HIGHER EDUCATION LEARNERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS EMERGENCY ONLINE INSTRUCTION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE CONTEXT OF TURKEY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20535/2410-8286.245672Keywords:
Emergency online teaching (EOT); Covid-19 pandemic; higher education learners’ attitudes; context of TurkeyAbstract
This mixed-methods study aimed at investigating the Turkish higher education learners’ attitudes towards Emergency Online Teaching (EOT) under the Covid-19 pandemic in order to discover the benefits and drawbacks of it. The participants were 251 higher education learners who received the EOT during the Covid-19 crisis in Turkey. Both qualitative and quantitative data were gathered by means of a questionnaire in August 2020. Quantitative data were obtained via closed-ended questions with the response on a Likert-scale format. Qualitative data were acquired through open-ended questions. The results showed that the hurried shift to an online instruction by universities in Turkey was not fully satisfactory and the majority of the respondents (74.1%) preferred face-to-face learning to the online format, however, the participants also stated that they felt safer during this pandemic disease thanks to the availability of distant online education. The drawbacks they mentioned included inadequate technological infrastructure or facilities, lack of sufficient teacher-student and peer interaction, lack of learners’ attention and concentration, tediousness of online lessons, learners’ inadequate engagement in class activities, as well as the absence of comprehensive assessment procedure.
References
Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students’ perspectives. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP. 2020261309.
Alawamleh, M., Al-Twait, L. M., & Al-Saht, G. R. (2020). The effect of online learning on communication between instructors and students during Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Education and Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-06-2020-0131
Allo, M. D. G. (2020). Is the online learning good in the midst of Covid-19 Pandemic? The case of EFL learners. Jurnal Sinestesia, 10(1), 1–10. https://sinestesia.pustaka.my.id/journal/article/view/24.
Amir, L. R., Tanti, I., Maharani, D. A., Wimardhani, Y. S., Julia, V., Sulijaya, B., & Puspitawati, R. (2020). Student perspective of classroom and distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic in the undergraduate dental study program Universitas Indonesia. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02312-0
Bączek, M., Zagańczyk-Bączek, M., Szpringer, M., Jaroszyński, A., & Wożakowska-Kapłon, B. (2021). Students’ perception of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study of Polish medical students. Medicine, 100(7), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024821.
Barr, B. A., & Miller, S. F. (2013). Higher education: The online teaching and learning experience. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED543912.pdf
Basal, A. (2015). The implementation of a flipped classroom in foreign language teaching. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 16(4), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.72185.
Baticulon, R. E., Sy, J. J., Alberto, N. R. I., Baron, M. B. C., Mabulay, R. E. C., Rizada, L. G. T., Tiu, C. J. S., Clarion, C. A., & Reyes, J. C. B. (2021). Barriers to online learning in the time of COVID-19: A national survey of medical students in the Philippines. Medical Science Educator. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01231-z.
Bernard, H. R. (2006). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (4th. ed.). Alta Mira Press.
Cakir, R., & Solak, E. (2015). Exploring the factors influencing e-learning of Turkish EFL learners through TAM. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 596–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.515.
Cantrell, S. W., O’Leary, P., & Ward, K. S. (2008). Strategies for success in online learning. Nursing Clinics of North America, 43(4), 547–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2008.06.003
Chadha, G., & Kumail, S. M. N. (2002). E-learning: An expression of the knowledge economy. McGraw-Hill.
Chen, H.-R., & Tseng, H.-F. (2012). Factors that influence acceptance of web-based e-learning systems for the inservice education of junior high school teachers in Taiwan. Evaluation and Program Planning, 35(3), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2011.11.007
Chung, E., Subramaniam, G., & Dass, L. C. (2020). Online learning readiness among university students in Malaysia amidst COVID-19. Asian Journal of University Education (AJUE), 19, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i2.10294
Cinkara, E., & Bagceci, B. (2013). Learners’ attitudes towards online language learning; and corresponding success rates. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE, 14(2), 118–130. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1013776.pdf
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed method research (2nd ed.). Sage.
Danker, B. (2015). Using flipped classroom approach to explore deep learning in large classrooms. The IAFOR Journal of Education, 3(1), 171–186. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1100618.pdf.
Dressler, S., & Rachfall, T. (2020). Improved learning performance based on a flipped classroom concept—A case study based on the course introduction to management accounting for business engineers. In Z. Walker, D. Tan, & N. K. Koh (Eds.), Flipped classrooms with diverse learners: International perspectives (pp. 183–202). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Dube, B. (2020). Rural online learning in the context of COVID-19 in South Africa: Evoking an inclusive education approach. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 10(2), 135–157. https://doi.org/10.4471/remie.2020.5607.
Dutton, Y. M., & Mohapatra, S. (2020). COVID-19 and Law teaching: Guidance on developing an asynchronous online course for Law students. St. Louis University Law Journal, 2021, Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3604331.
Egbert, J., Herman, D., & Lee, H. (2015). Flipped instruction in English language teacher education: A design-based study in a complex, open-ended learning environment. TESL-EJ, 19(2), 1–23. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1074707.pdf.
Erarslan, A., & Topkaya, E. Z. (2017). EFL students’ attitudes towards e-learning and effect of an online course on students’ success in English. The Literacy Trek, 3(2), 80–101. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/literacytrek/issue/32167/350186.
Eren, Ö. (2012). Students’ attitudes towards using social networking in foreign language classes: A Facebook example. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(20), 288–294. http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_20_Special_Issue_October_2012/32.pdf.
Erkut, E. (2020). Covid-19 Sonrasi Yükseköğretim [Higher education after Covid-19]. Yuksekogretim Dergisi - Journal of Higher Education (Turkey), 10(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.002
Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied Thematic Analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Gunes, A. (2020, May). Pandemic could be an opportunity for Turkish higher education. University World News: The Global Window on Higher Education.
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. EDUCAUSE Review. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and- online-learning
Hussein, E., Daoud, S., Alrabaiah, H., & Badawi, R. (2020). Exploring undergraduate students’ attitudes towards emergency online learning during COVID-19: A case from the UAE. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105699
Ilgaz, H., & Gülbahar, Y. (2015). A Snapshot of online Learners: E-readiness, e-satisfaction and expectations. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v16i2.2117
Inal, M., & Korkmaz, Ö. (2019). The effect of web based blended learning on students’ academic achievement and attitudes towards English course. Education and Information Technologies, 24(4), 2603–2619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09890-7.
Kamal, A., & Radhakrishnan, S. (2019). Individual learning preferences based on personality traits in an E-learning scenario. Education and Information Technologies, 24(1), 407–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9777-4.
Kaya, M. (2012). Distance education systems used in universities of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31(2011), 676–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.123
Khalil, R., Mansour, A. E., Fadda, W. A., Almisnid, K., Aldamegh, M., Al-Nafeesah, A., Alkhalifah, A., & Al-Wutayd, O. (2020). The sudden transition to synchronized online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative study exploring medical students’ perspectives. BMC Medical Education, 20, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02208-z.
Klimplová, L. (2020). Flipping the business administration classroom. In Z. Walker, D. Tan, & N. K. Koh (Eds.), Flipped classrooms with diverse learners: International perspectives (pp. 203–220). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Kohan, N., Arabshahi, K. S., Mojtahedzadeh, R., Abbaszadeh, A., Rakhshani, T., & Emami, A. (2017). Barriers of self-directed learning in virtual environment Self-directed learning barriers in a virtual environment: a qualitative study. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism, 5(3), 116–123. https://jamp.sums.ac.ir/article_40998.html
Korkmaz, G., & Toraman, Ç. (2020). Are we ready for the Post-COVID-19 educational practice? An investigation into what educators think as to online learning. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 4(4), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i4.110
Moore, M., Lockee, B. & Burton, J. (2002). Measuring Success: Evaluation Strategies for Distance Education. Educause Quarterly, 25(1), 20-26. Retrieved December 17, 2021 from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/92835/
Muthuprasad, T., Aiswarya, S., Aditya, K. S., & Jha, G. K. (2021). Students’ perception and preference for online education in India during COVID -19 pandemic. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 100101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100101.
Nassaji, H. (2020). Good qualitative research. Language Teaching Research, 24(4), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820941288
Njiku, J., Maniraho, J. F., & Mutarutinya, V. (2019). Understanding teachers’ attitude towards computer technology integration in education: A review of literature. Education and Information Technologies, 24(5), 3041–3052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09917-z
O’Shea, P. M. (2020). Flipped learning at the university level. In Z. Walker, D. Tan, & N. K. Koh (Eds.), Flipped classrooms with diverse learners: International perspectives (pp. 171–182). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (5th. ed.). Open University Press.
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th. ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Reichertz, J. (2014). Induction, deduction, abduction. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 123–135). SAGE Publications Ltd.
Roehl, A., Reddy, S. L., & Shannon, G. J. (2013). The flipped classroom: An opportunity to engage millennial students through active learning strategies. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 105(2), 44–49. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/daa3/b94cdc7b52b3381a7c7e21022a7a8c005f84.pdf.
Salloum, S. A., Al-Emran, M., Shaalan, K., & Tarhini, A. (2019). Factors affecting the E-learning acceptance: A case study from UAE. Education and Information Technologies, 24(1), 509–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9786-3
Shahzad, S. K., Hussain, J., Sadaf, N., Sarwat, S., Ghani, U., & Saleem, R. (2020). Impact of virtual teaching on ESL learners’ attitudes under Covid-19 circumstances at post graduate level in Pakistan. English Language Teaching, 13(9), 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n9p1
Simsek, C. S. S. (2008). Students’ attitudes towards integration of ICTs in a reading course: A case in Turkey. Computers and Education, 51(1), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.05.002
Soltanpour, F., & Valizadeh, M. (2018). A flipped writing classroom: Effects on EFL learners’ argumentative essays. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 9(2), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.2p.5.
Sreehari, P. (2020). Online learning during the Covid-19 lockdown: Learners’ perceptions. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(19), 300–307. https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=102109
Subedi, S., Nayaju, S., Subedi, S., Shah, S. K., & Shah, J. M. (2020). Impact of e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic among nursing students and teachers of Nepal. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 5(3), 68–76. https://ijshr.com/IJSHR_Vol.5_Issue.3_July2020/IJSHR0012.pdf
Syauqi, K., Munadi, S., & Triyono, M. B. (2020). Students’ perceptions toward vocational education on online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 9(4), 881–886. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i4.20766.
Tallent-Runnels, M. K., Thomas, J. A., Lan, W. Y., Cooper, S., Ahern, T. C., Shaw, S. M., & Liu, X. (2006). Teaching courses online: A review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 76(1), 93–135. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543076001093
Tan, C. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on student motivation, community of inquiry and learning performance. Asian Education and Development Studies, 10(2), 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2020-0084.
Tang, T., Abuhmaid, A. M., Olaimat, M., Oudat, D. M., Aldhaeebi, M., & Bamanger, E. (2020). Efficiency of flipped classroom with online-based teaching under COVID-19. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1817761
Tekinarslan, E. (2008). Attitudes of Turkish distance learners toward internet-based learning: An investigation depending on demographical characteristics. The Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9(1), 67-84. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED499478
Toquero, C. M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for higher Education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: The Philippine context. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0063. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947.
Unger, S., & Meiran, W. (2020). Student attitudes towards online education during the COVID-19 viral outbreak of 2020: Distance learning in a time of social distance. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 4(4), 256–266. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i4.107
United Nations. (2020). Policy brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond (Issue August). (2020). United Nations.
Uzun, A., & Senturk, A. (2010). Blending makes the difference: Comparison of blended and traditional instruction on students’ performance and attitudes in computer literacy. Contemporary Educational Technology, 1(3), 196–207. https://www.cedtech.net/download/blending-makes-the-difference-comparison-of-blended-and-traditional-instruction-on-students-6027.pdf
Valizadeh, M., & Soltanpour, F. (2020). The Flipped Pedagogy: Effects on the Grammatical Competence and Writing Skill of Basic Users of English. International Journal of Instruction, 13(3), 761-776. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13351a
Villanueva, M. E., Camilli, E., Chirillano, A. C., Cufré, J. A., De Landeta, M. C., Rigacci, L. N., Velazco, V. M., & Pighin, A. F. (2020). Teaching instrumental analytical chemistry during covid-19 times in a developing country: Asynchronous versus synchronous communication. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2719–2722. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00664
Xhelili, P., Ibrahimi, E., Rruci, E., & Sheme, K. (2021). Adaptation and Perception of Online Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic by Albanian University Students. International Journal on Studies in Education, 3(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonse.49
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Mohammadreza Valizadeh, Fatemeh Soltanpour

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).